Personal Experience In My Life - 1344 Words

I worked hard at my studies, homework and research and I put my education above everything else. If I was going to pass this tough course with good grades, or pass it at all, my studies had come first, above everyone and everything else which wasn t going to be easy, but it had to be done. I took my computer, notes and books on every vacation, starting off every day and ending every night working diligently on my dissertation. I got frustrated and discouraged at times, but with all the support and encouragement around me, I always got back on track, and plowed through hours, days, months, and years of mind-bending classes, research, and writing. I did exactly what Dr. G. had told me without reservation, it just happened. Out of the†¦show more content†¦The Course was brilliant and thorough with much detail. Like I said before, I was extremely eager to go to classes, thrilled with the academic criteria and appreciative for the knowledge my professors taught me. The subjects I favored were: Gender Identity Disorders, Paraphilias: Diagnosis and Treatment, Forensic Sexology, Sexology and law, Treatment of Juvenile Sex Offenders, My favorite of all was Paraphilias: Diagnosis and Treatment, which wasn t surprising, as I had had over twenty years of personal, hands-on experience by 2002, working with people with paraphilias. I felt I had an significant edge over other students in that class and I was eager to share my knowledge with them. I was honored and privileged to have Dr. William Granzig as my foremost professor for specific subjects. Dr. Shere Hite (famous author who wrote The Hite Report), was also one of my professors. I was asked each semester to give a guest lecture presentation to the students in my classes about my life story, my experience with alternative lifestyles, my experiences at Command Performance,Show MoreRelatedMy Personal Experience In Personal Life774 Words   |  4 PagesMy mother perpetually advises me by stating â€Å"à ¦ ¸Ã   ¦ °Ã  § Ã  ¦ ¬Ã  ¦ ¦Ã  ¦ ¾ à ¦â€ Ã  ¦ ªÃ  ¦ ¨Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ ° à ¦ ¸Ã  §â€¡Ã  ¦ °Ã  ¦ ¾ à ¦â€¢Ã  ¦ °Ã  ¦ ¾,† which translates from Bengali to English as â€Å"always do your best.† Taking heed of my mother’s advice has led me to always try to be the best possible version of myself, in school and outside of it. Knowing myself, junior year was going to be arduous as is; I would be studying profusely for my SATs and ACTs, going nights with minimal sleep as I would be taking nine total classes, eight of which were Advanced Placement classes, andRead MoreMy Personal Experience : My Experience In My Life1003 Words   |  5 Pagesdifficult to write about my life—not because I do not know what to say, but because I am often fearful of sharing my experiences and having them impact how people view me. My identity and upbringing are not necessarily unique, but I have been in situations that society tends to be uncomfortable with. Repeated sexual assaults, psycholog ical abuse, neglect, and financial hardships are factors in my life that I tried to forget when I started college. Now that I am at the end of my undergraduate educationRead MorePersonal Experience In My Life1002 Words   |  5 PagesA personal experience I have encountered would be growing up without my birth parents. At the age of 6 my mother put me up for adoption. My father was no we’re to be in sight, I never meet him in my entire life. Growing up in the foster system has a lot of pros and cons for example, I was separated from my brothers and sisters for a very long time, also there would be days that I would go to two or three different homes in a single day. Bouncing around from family to family is not the way a kid shouldRead MoreMy Personal Experience : My Experience In My Life1132 Words   |  5 Pagesget together and notice they have differing opinions, it can lead to arguments. That’s what happened in my case. Recently, I experienced my first big fight w ith my parents over how many college classes I should be able to take. Ever since I was little, I have always tried to do my very best in classes and really push myself. I have also always been a perfectionist and been very on top of my work. I have always wanted to get things done as soon as possible and get ahead anytime I can, whether thatRead MoreMy Personal Experience : My Experience In My Life1097 Words   |  5 Pagesbirthed in Syria and a mother from the coast of Long Beach, California, my childhood was, to say the least, interesting. However, everything that happened from my birth until now, all made me who I am today, someone I am very proud to have become after these seventeen years. The first three years of my life were spent on the West Coast in the city of Irvine, California. I don’t remember too much from these years, but I do know my parents labored long shifts, sacrificing precious time to support anRead MorePersonal Experience In My Life997 Words   |  4 PagesJohnny and Cora, my younger siblings, their lunches again today. It’s been very hard on me, I have so much more responsibility than I have ever had before. With my older sister, Betsy, sick in bed with the Spanish Flu, my mama working in a factory, and my father away fighting in the Great War, I have to do everything I can for my family. I cook, clean, get the kids ready, help with homework, care for Betsy, and I don’t mind it all that much. The only thing I miss most about my old life is getting toRead MorePersonal Experience In My Life1399 Words   |  6 PagesMy time working at a children’s psychiatric hospital helped me realize my strength and taught me more compas sion than the rest of my life combined. Many times I had questioned if I was cut out for this work and if I was doing any good trying to help these children. I had to learn to walk on the fine line between growing thick skin and showing love and acceptance to kids who are seemingly unlovable. My experiences have continued to shape who I am had help give me perspective for when I find myselfRead MoreMy Personal Life Experience1293 Words   |  6 Pagesinterests, life experiences and commitments, I know that I will enrich the UWM community. I believe that life experiences are extremely crucial in self-development. The more you experience, the more you grow as an individual. I say that with such pride because I can say myself that the life experiences I have gone through has shaped who I am. Commitments rather they are large or small, you are dedicating yourself to something which comes easy to me. When I am dedicated to something, I give it my all. OneRead MoreMy Personal Experience In My Life990 Words   |  4 Pagesare only given one shot. Therefore, it is at our best interest to live life to the fullest. Over the years, I have been able to analyze how I’ve struggle from stepping out my comfort zone. I found myself on the same routine for the first 18 years of my life. With that being said, it is a major key to try new things as we learn to grow, therefore you won’t live a bring life. Every chance I get I take on new things to enhance my person. While doing so, I’ve been able to step outside the box. TryingRead MoreMy Personal Experience In My Life940 Words   |  4 Pagescareer and in life, your character must drive you toward your aspirations. Throughout life, several experiences have molded me into a person of resilience, empathy, and composure. Such values have allowed me to reach my goals and serve my community. In supplement to my intelligence, these assets render me an exceptional student and employee. The ability to be resilient is at the core of who I am, and the challenges that have created this strength have taught me empathy. Because of my weight, I faced

What Do You Believe You Reached Your Goals Essay

To what extent do you believe you reached your goals? I strongly believe that I have made significant improvement regarding all of the established goals on the learning contract. Additionally, I believe that I have accomplished a majority of the goals that were established on the learning contract as I have demonstrated the behaviors, actions, and knowledge that the goals were established to improve on. At the same time, I feel that with more experience and time in the social work field I will continue to make improvements and continue to increase the ability to exceed each of the goals that were established in the learning contract. I am one who believes that there is always room for improvement especially for someone such as myself that has a strong desire to continue to grow. In the future, I will continue to establish professional goals that relate to the position that I obtain in the social work field to continue to increase knowledge, experiences, and effectiveness. Provide exa mples of how you leveraged at least two of your strengths or talents to help you reach your goals. The strengths and talents that I applied most often to reach my goals were responsibility, significance, and learner. I leveraged the strength of responsibility by taking responsibility of my learning experiences while at my internship. I was able to gain experience in many different areas to meet my goals by volunteering to help others, to complete tasks, and to participate in trainingsShow MoreRelatedThe Meaning Of Life By Richard Taylor1189 Words   |  5 Pagesarguing that life tends to be a cycle of goals that cumulate to nothing. These goals require sequences of exhausting work and attempt that will continue throughout the rest of life but will have no meaning. As one goal is reached, the next is sought out for, forgetting the one that was just achieved. I do not support Taylor on his objective meaningless of life. Life has a meaning, even if it is just being alive, we were created by God and he has a plan for us. Goals help us become better people and theyRead MoreThe Theme O f Persistence In Where The Red Fern Grows1093 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Success means having the courage, the determination, and the will to become the person you believe you were meant to be.† Sheehan meant in this quote that you can do anything if you are willing to use your willpower and energy to do so. This leads to the theme shown in Where the Red Fern Grows by Mr.Rawls. In the development of the book Where the Red Fern Grows the main theme persistence will lead to your own success is shown strongly throughout. To demonstrate the means of how Rawls showedRead MoreThe Goals Of Social Media1503 Words   |  7 PagesHow many times have you read or been told that in order to keep yourself accountable to your goals, that you should announce them to the people around you? This is something that we see in many books and articles and we see people following this information as they post their goals on social media. However, how many times do we actually see them accomplish these goals? New studies are actually showing that announcing your goals is one of the worst things that you can do if you really want to achieveRead MorePersonal, Value, And Personal And Career Values969 Words   |  4 Pagesprinciple, a standard, or a quality that you consider worthwhile or desirable. Everyone has values. They are the personal beliefs that tell you what is the right or just way to think, believe, be and live. Values direct you when you are deciding what choices to make in everyday life. It is important to know what your values are when you are making career and business decisions as you do not want to find yourself involved in something that does not match your values. Read MoreLove Is An Intense Feeling Of Deep Affection880 Words   |  4 Pagesthem know if they are in love. My goal is to clarify the misunderstanding many teens get being in love with someone and loving someone are the same. Being in love is having that one person that makes you happier than anyone else. Just having him or her in your presents brightens your day. This means that small interactions have the biggest impact on you. That person saying, â€Å"hello†to you and giving you a hug could have you believe you re on cloud nine. They cause your emotions to remain on a constantRead MoreThe Problem Of Addiction And Addiction1387 Words   |  6 Pages Reeled In Ever heard of the phrase â€Å"shop ‘till you drop†? People shop for numerous reasons, whether it is to spend time with friends, for one’s own basic needs, or just to have some time to yourself. Shopping is always an enjoyable experience, it gives you the chance to relax and not worry about your issues. Once you realized that you maxed out your credit card on the different stuff you bought while shopping, it makes you think that you might have an addiction. The feeling of always wantingRead MoreSpeech on Goal Setting1079 Words   |  5 PagesYou may have heard me say, â€Å"It’s better to aim for the stars and miss, than to aim for a pile of crap and hit it.† The original saying is from Michelangelo. He said, â€Å"The greater danger for most of us is not that our aim is too high and we miss it, but that it is too low and we hit it.† If someone is going to set some goals, why not set them high? That way if you falter in reaching your goals, you are still further ahead than with not having a goal at all. Let me give you an example of myRead MoreEssential Characteristics for Professional Success Essay729 Words   |  3 Pagesin many different ways. Have you set your goals? Have you decided the path you have to take to pursue your goal? What are the sacrifices you can do to achieve your ambition? How much can you think out of the box to resolve a particular issue or bring new idea to the table? How flexible are you to adapt according to particular situation? Personal characteristics play an important role in how you liaise with a client, how you demand something from your employer or how you achieve an agreement that bringRead MorePersonal Characteristics Essay711 Words   |  3 Pagesin many different ways. Have you set your goals? Have you decided the path you have to take to pursue your goal? What are the sacr ifices you can do to achieve your ambition? How much can you think out of the box to resolve a particular issue or bring new idea to the table? How flexible are you to adapt according to particular situation? Personal characteristics play an important role in how you liaise with a client, how you demand something from your employer or how you achieve an agreement that alignsRead MoreAristippus : The Philosophy Of Socrates1147 Words   |  5 PagesAristippus (elder) was a Socratic philosopher that lived in Greece. He was a pupil of Socrates, and became close to Socrates even though his philosophical views differed. Aristippus believed the goal of life and living revolved around pleasure, seeking pleasure no matter what the circumstance is. Aristippus believed having pleasure meant having happiness, and ones happiness revolved around everything else. Ultimately, pleasure was the true motive of living. Aristippus was the founder of the Cyreneic

A Brief History of Hci Free Essays

A Brief History of Human Computer Interaction Technology Brad A. Myers Carnegie Mellon University School of Computer Science Technical Report CMU-CS-96-163 and Human Computer Interaction Institute Technical Report CMU-HCII-96-103 December, 1996 Please cite this work as: Brad A. Myers. We will write a custom essay sample on A Brief History of Hci or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"A Brief History of Human Computer Interaction Technology. † ACM interactions. Vol. 5, no. 2, March, 1998. pp. 44-54. Human Computer Interaction Institute School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3891 bam@a. gp. s. cmu. edu Abstract This article summarizes the historical development of major advances in human-computer interaction technology, emphasizing the pivotal role of university research in the advancement of the field. Copyright (c) 1996 — Carnegie Mellon University A short excerpt from this article appeared as part of â€Å"Strategic Directions in Human Computer Interaction,† edited by Brad Myers, Jim Hollan, Isabel Cruz, ACM Computing Surveys, 28(4), December 1996 This research was partially sponsored by NCCOSC under Contract No. N66001-94-C-6037, Arpa Order No. B326 and partially by NSF under grant number IRI-9319969. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of NCCOSC or the U. S. Government. Keywords: Human Computer Interaction, History, User Interfaces, Interaction Techniques. [pic] 1. Introduction Research in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has been spectacularly uccessful, and has fundamentally changed computing. Just one example is the ubiquitous graphical interface used by Microsoft Windows 95, which is based on the Macintosh, which is based on work at Xerox PARC, which in turn is based on early research at the Stanford Research Laboratory (now SRI) and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Another example is that virtually all software written today employs user interface toolkits and interface builders, concepts which were developed first at universities. Even the spectacular growth of the World-Wide Web is a direct result of HCI research: applying hypertext technology to browsers allows one to traverse a link across the world with a click of the mouse. Interface improvements more than anything else has triggered this explosive growth. Furthermore, the research that will lead to the user interfaces for the computers of tomorrow is happening at universities and a few corporate research labs. This paper tries to briefly summarize many of the important research developments in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) technology. By â€Å"research,† I mean exploratory work at universities and government and corporate research labs (such as Xerox PARC) that is not directly related to products. By â€Å"HCI technology,† I am referring to the computer side of HCI. A companion article on the history of the â€Å"human side,† discussing the contributions from psychology, design, human factors and ergonomics would also be appropriate. A motivation for this article is to overcome the mistaken impression that much of the important work in Human-Computer Interaction occurred in industry, and if university research in Human-Computer Interaction is not supported, then industry will just carry on anyway. This is simply not true. This paper tries to show that many of the most famous HCI successes developed by companies are deeply rooted in university research. In fact, virtually all of today’s major interface styles and applications have had significant influence from research at universities and labs, often with government funding. To illustrate this, this paper lists the funding sources of some of the major advances. Without this research, many of the advances in the field of HCI would probably not have taken place, and as a consequence, the user interfaces of commercial products would be far more difficult to use and learn than they are today. As described by Stu Card: â€Å"Government funding of advanced human-computer interaction technologies built the intellectual capital and trained the research teams for pioneer systems that, over a period of 25 years, revolutionized how people interact with computers. Industrial research laboratories at the corporate level in Xerox, IBM, ATT, and others played a strong role in developing this technology and bringing it into a form suitable for the commercial arena. † [6, p. 162]). Figure 1 shows time lines for some of the technologies discussed in this article. Of course, a deeper analysis would reveal much interaction between the university, corporate research and commercial activity streams. It is important to appreciate that years of research are involved in creating and making these technologies ready for widespread use. The same will be true for the HCI technologies that will provide the interfaces of tomorrow. It is clearly impossible to list every system and source in a paper of this scope, but I have tried to represent the earliest and most influential systems. Although there are a number of other surveys of HCI topics (see, for example [1] [10] [33] [38]), none cover as many aspects as this one, or try to be as comprehensive in finding the original influences. Another useful resource is the video â€Å"All The Widgets,† which shows the historical progression of a number of user interface ideas [25]. The technologies covered in this paper include fundamental interaction styles like direct manipulation, the mouse pointing device, and windows; several important kinds of application areas, such as drawing, text editing and spreadsheets; the technologies that will likely have the biggest impact on interfaces of the future, such as gesture recognition, multimedia, and 3D; and the technologies used to create interfaces using the other technologies, such as user interface management systems, toolkits, and interface builders. [pic] [pic] Figure 1: Approximate time lines showing where work was performed on some major technologies discussed in this article. [pic] 2. Basic Interactions †¢ Direct Manipulation of graphical objects: The now ubiquitous direct manipulation interface, where visible objects on the screen are directly manipulated with a pointing device, was first demonstrated by Ivan Sutherland in Sketchpad [44], which was his 1963 MIT PhD thesis. SketchPad supported the manipulation of objects using a light-pen, including grabbing objects, moving them, changing size, and using constraints. It contained the seeds of myriad important interface ideas. The system was built at Lincoln Labs with support from the Air Force and NSF. William Newman’s Reaction Handler [30], created at Imperial College, London (1966-67) provided direct manipulation of graphics, and introduced â€Å"Light Handles,† a form of graphical potentiometer, that was probably the first â€Å"widget. † Another early system was AMBIT/G (implemented at MIT’s Lincoln Labs, 1968, ARPA funded). It employed, among other interface techniques, iconic representations, gesture recognition, dynamic menus with items selected using a pointing device, selection of icons by pointing, and moded and mode-free styles of interaction. David Canfield Smith coined the term â€Å"icons† in his 1975 Stanford PhD thesis on Pygmalion [41] (funded by ARPA and NIMH) and Smith later popularized icons as one of the chief designers of the Xerox Star [42]. Many of the interaction techniques popular in direct manipulation interfaces, such as how objects and text are selected, opened, and manipulated, were researched at Xerox PARC in the 1970’s. In particular, the idea of â€Å"WYSIWYG† (what you see is what you get) originated there with systems such as the Bravo text editor and the Draw drawing program [10] The concept of direct manipulation interfaces for everyone was envisioned by Alan Kay of Xerox PARC in a 1977 article about the â€Å"Dynabook† [16]. The first commercial systems to make extensive use of Direct Manipulation were the Xerox Star (1981) [42], the Apple Lisa (1982) [51] and Macintosh (1984) [52]. Ben Shneiderman at the University of Maryland coined the term â€Å"Direct Manipulation† in 1982 and identified the components and gave psychological foundations [40]. The Mouse: The mouse was developed at Stanford Research Laboratory (now SRI) in 1965 as part of the NLS project (funding from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC) [9] to be a cheap replacement for light-pens, which had been used at least since 1954 [10, p. 68]. Many of the current uses of the mouse were demonstrated by Doug Engelbart as par t of NLS in a movie created in 1968 [8]. The mouse was then made famous as a practical input device by Xerox PARC in the 1970’s. It first appeared commercially as part of the Xerox Star (1981), the Three Rivers Computer Company’s PERQ (1981) [23], the Apple Lisa (1982), and Apple Macintosh (1984). Windows: Multiple tiled windows were demonstrated in Engelbart’s NLS in 1968 [8]. Early research at Stanford on systems like COPILOT (1974) [46] and at MIT with the EMACS text editor (1974) [43] also demonstrated tiled windows. Alan Kay proposed the idea of overlapping windows in his 1969 University of Utah PhD thesis [15] and they first appeared in 1974 in his Smalltalk system [11] at Xerox PARC, and soon after in the InterLisp system [47]. Some of the first commercial uses of windows were on Lisp Machines Inc. (LMI) and Symbolics Lisp Machines (1979), which grew out of MIT AI Lab projects. The Cedar Window Manager from Xerox PARC was the first major tiled window manager (1981) [45], followed soon by the Andrew window manager [32] by Carnegie Mellon University’s Information Technology Center (1983, funded by IBM). The main commercial systems popularizing windows were the Xerox Star (1981), the Apple Lisa (1982), and most importantly the Apple Macintosh (1984). The early versions of the Star and Microsoft Windows were tiled, but eventually they supported overlapping windows like the Lisa and Macintosh. The X Window System, a current international standard, was developed at MIT in 1984 [39]. For a survey of window managers, see [24]. 3. Application Types †¢ Drawing programs: Much of the current technology was demonstrated in Sutherland’s 1963 Sketchpad system. The use of a mouse for graphics was demonstrated in NLS (1965). In 1968 Ken Pulfer and Grant Bechthold at the National Research Council of Canada built a mouse out of wood patterned after Engelbart’s and used it with a key-frame animation system to draw all the frames of a movie. A subsequent movie, â€Å"Hunger† in 1971 won a number of awards, and was drawn using a tablet instead of the mouse (funding by the National Film Board of Canada) [3]. William Newman’s Markup (1975) was the first drawing program for Xerox PARC’s Alto, followed shortly by Patrick Baudelaire’s Draw which added handling of lines and curves [10, p. 326]. The first computer painting program was probably Dick Shoup’s â€Å"Superpaint† at PARC (1974-75). †¢ Text Editing: In 1962 at the Stanford Research Lab, Engelbart proposed, and later implemented, a word processor with automatic word wrap, search and replace, user-definable macros, scrolling text, and commands to move, copy, and delete characters, words, or blocks of text. Stanford’s TVEdit (1965) was one of the first CRT-based display editors that was widely used [48]. The Hypertext Editing System [50, p. 108] from Brown University had screen editing and formatting of arbitrary-sized strings with a lightpen in 1967 (funding from IBM). NLS demonstrated mouse-based editing in 1968. TECO from MIT was an early screen-editor (1967) and EMACS [43] developed from it in 1974. Xerox PARC’s Bravo [10, p. 284] was the first WYSIWYG editor-formatter (1974). It was designed by Butler Lampson and Charles Simonyi who had started working on these concepts around 1970 while at Berkeley. The first commercial WYSIWYG editors were the Star, LisaWrite and then MacWrite. For a survey of text editors, see [22] [50, p. 108]. †¢ Spreadsheets: The initial spreadsheet was VisiCalc which was developed by Frankston and Bricklin (1977-8) for the Apple II while they were students at MIT and the Harvard Business School. The solver was based on a dependency-directed backtracking algorithm by Sussman and Stallman at the MIT AI Lab. †¢ HyperText: The idea for hypertext (where documents are linked to related documents) is credited to Vannevar Bush’s famous MEMEX idea from 1945 [4]. Ted Nelson coined the term â€Å"hypertext† in 1965 [29]. Engelbart’s NLS system [8] at the Stanford Research Laboratories in 1965 made extensive use of linking (funding from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC). The â€Å"NLS Journal† [10, p. 212] was one of the first on-line journals, and it included full linking of articles (1970). The Hypertext Editing System, jointly designed by Andy van Dam, Ted Nelson, and two students at Brown University (funding from IBM) was distributed extensively [49]. The University of Vermont’s PROMIS (1976) was the first Hypertext system released to the user community. It was used to link patient and patient care information at the University of Vermont’s medical center. The ZOG project (1977) from CMU was another early hypertext system, and was funded by ONR and DARPA [36]. Ben Shneiderman’s Hyperties was the first system where highlighted items in the text could be clicked on to go to other pages (1983, Univ. of Maryland) [17]. HyperCard from Apple (1988) significantly helped to bring the idea to a wide audience. There have been many other hypertext systems through the years. Tim Berners-Lee used the hypertext idea to create the World Wide Web in 1990 at the government-funded European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN). Mosaic, the irst popular hypertext browser for the World-Wide Web was developed at the Univ. of Illinois’ National Center for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA). For a more complete history of HyperText, see [31]. †¢ Computer Aided Design (CAD): The same 1963 IFIPS conference at which Sketchpad was presented also contained a number of CAD systems, including Doug Ross’s Computer-Aided Design Project at MIT in the Electronic Systems Lab [37] and Coons’ work at MIT with SketchPad [7]. Timothy Johnson’s pioneering work on the interactive 3D CAD system Sketchpad 3 [13] was his 1963 MIT MS thesis (funded by the Air Force). The first CAD/CAM system in industry was probably General Motor’s DAC-1 (about 1963). †¢ Video Games: The first graphical video game was probably SpaceWar by Slug Russel of MIT in 1962 for the PDP-1 [19, p. 49] including the first computer joysticks. The early computer Adventure game was created by Will Crowther at BBN, and Don Woods developed this into a more sophisticated Adventure game at Stanford in 1966 [19, p. 132]. Conway’s game of LIFE was implemented on computers at MIT and Stanford in 1970. The first popular commercial game was Pong (about 1976). 4. Up-and-Coming Areas Gesture Recognition: The first pen-based input device, the RAND tablet, was funded by ARPA. Sketchpad used light-pen gestures (1963). Teitelman in 1964 developed the first trainable gesture recognizer. A very early demonstration of gesture recognition was Tom Ellis’ GRAIL system on the RAND tablet (1964, ARPA funded). It was quite common in light-pen-based systems to include some ges ture recognition, for example in the AMBIT/G system (1968 — ARPA funded). A gesture-based text editor using proof-reading symbols was developed at CMU by Michael Coleman in 1969. Bill Buxton at the University of Toronto has been studying gesture-based interactions since 1980. Gesture recognition has been used in commercial CAD systems since the 1970s, and came to universal notice with the Apple Newton in 1992. †¢ Multi-Media: The FRESS project at Brown used multiple windows and integrated text and graphics (1968, funding from industry). The Interactive Graphical Documents project at Brown was the first hypermedia (as opposed to hypertext) system, and used raster graphics and text, but not video (1979-1983, funded by ONR and NSF). The Diamond project at BBN (starting in 1982, DARPA funded) explored combining multimedia information (text, spreadsheets, graphics, speech). The Movie Manual at the Architecture Machine Group (MIT) was one of the first to demonstrate mixed video and computer graphics in 1983 (DARPA funded). †¢ 3-D: The first 3-D system was probably Timothy Johnson’s 3-D CAD system mentioned above (1963, funded by the Air Force). The â€Å"Lincoln Wand† by Larry Roberts was an ultrasonic 3D location sensing system, developed at Lincoln Labs (1966, ARPA funded). That system also had the first interactive 3-D hidden line elimination. An early use was for molecular modelling [18]. The late 60’s and early 70’s saw the flowering of 3D raster graphics research at the University of Utah with Dave Evans, Ivan Sutherland, Romney, Gouraud, Phong, and Watkins, much of it government funded. Also, the military-industrial flight simulation work of the 60’s – 70’s led the way to making 3-D real-time with commercial systems from GE, Evans, Singer/Link (funded by NASA, Navy, etc. ). Another important center of current research in 3-D is Fred Brooks’ lab at UNC (e. g. [2]). Virtual Reality and â€Å"Augmented Reality†: The original work on VR was performed by Ivan Sutherland when he was at Harvard (1965-1968, funding by Air Force, CIA, and Bell Labs). Very important early work was by Tom Furness when he was at Wright-Patterson AFB. Myron Krueger’s early work at the University of Connecticut was influential. Fred Brooks’ and Henry Fuch’s groups at UNC did a lot of early research, including the study of force feedback (1971, funding from US Atomic Energy Commission and NSF). Much of the early research on head-mounted displays and on the DataGlove was supported by NASA. Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Doug Engelbart’s 1968 demonstration of NLS [8] included the remote participation of multiple people at various sites (funding from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC). Licklider and Taylor predicted on-line interactive communities in an 1968 article [20] and speculated about the problem of access being limited to the privileged. Electronic mail, still the most widespread multi-user software, was enabled by the ARPAnet, which became operational in 1969, and by the Ethernet from Xerox PARC in 1973. An early computer conferencing system was Turoff’s EIES system at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (1975). †¢ Natural language and speech: The fundamental research for speech and natural language understanding and generation has been performed at CMU, MIT, SRI, BBN, IBM, AT Bell Labs and BellCore, much of it government funded. See, for example, [34] for a survey of the early work. 5. Software Tools and Architectures The area of user interface software tools is quite active now, and many companies are selling tools. Most of today’s applications are implemented using various forms of software tools. For a more complete survey and discussion of UI tools, see [26]. †¢ UIMSs and Toolkits: (There are software libraries and tools that support creating interfaces by writing code. ) The first User Interface Management System (UIMS) was William Newman’s Reaction Handler [30] created at Imperial College, London (1966-67 with SRC funding). Most of the early work was done at universities (Univ. of Toronto with Canadian government funding, George Washington Univ. with NASA, NSF, DOE, and NBS funding, Brigham Young University with industrial funding, etc. . The term â€Å"UIMS† was coined by David Kasik at Boeing (1982) [14]. Early window managers such as Smalltalk (1974) and InterLisp, both from Xerox PARC, came with a few widgets, such as popup menus and scrollbars. The Xerox Star (1981) was the first commercial system to have a large collection of widgets. The Apple Macintosh (1984) was the first to actively promote its toolkit for use by other developers to enforce a c onsistent interface. An early C++ toolkit was InterViews [21], developed at Stanford (1988, industrial funding). Much of the modern research is being performed at universities, for example the Garnet (1988) [28] and Amulet (1994) [27] projects at CMU (ARPA funded), and subArctic at Georgia Tech (1996, funding by Intel and NSF). †¢ Interface Builders: (These are interactive tools that allow interfaces composed of widgets such as buttons, menus and scrollbars to be placed using a mouse. ) The Steamer project at BBN (1979-85; ONR funding) demonstrated many of the ideas later incorporated into interface builders and was probably the first object-oriented graphics system. Trillium [12] was developed at Xerox PARC in 1981. Another early interface builder was the MenuLay system [5] developed by Bill Buxton at the University of Toronto (1983, funded by the Canadian Government). The Macintosh (1984) included a â€Å"Resource Editor† which allowed widgets to be placed and edited. Jean-Marie Hullot created â€Å"SOS Interface† in Lisp for the Macintosh while working at INRIA (1984, funded by the French government) which was the first modern â€Å"interface builder. † Hullot built this into a commercial product in 1986 and then went to work for NeXT and created the NeXT Interface Builder (1988), which popularized this type of tool. Now there are literally hundreds of commercial interface builders. †¢ Component Architectures: The idea of creating interfaces by connecting separately written components was first demonstrated in the Andrew project [32] by Carnegie Mellon University’s Information Technology Center (1983, funded by IBM). It is now being widely popularized by Microsoft’s OLE and Apple’s OpenDoc architectures. 6. Discussion It is clear that all of the most important innovations in Human-Computer Interaction have benefited from research at both corporate research labs and universities, much of it funded by the government. The conventional style of graphical user interfaces that use windows, icons, menus and a mouse and are in a phase of standardization, where almost everyone is using the same, standard technology and just making minute, incremental changes. Therefore, it is important that university, corporate, and government-supported research continue, so that we can develop the science and technology needed for the user interfaces of the future. Another important argument in favor of HCI research in universities is that computer science students need to know about user interface issues. User interfaces are likely to be one of the main value-added competitive advantages of the future, as both hardware and basic software become commodities. If students do not know about user interfaces, they will not serve industry needs. It seems that only through computer science does HCI research disseminate out into products. Furthermore, without appropriate levels of funding of academic HCI research, there will be fewer PhD graduates in HCI to perform research in corporate labs, and fewer top-notch graduates in this area will be interested in being professors, so the needed user interface courses will not be offered. As computers get faster, more of the processing power is being devoted to the user interface. The interfaces of the future will use gesture recognition, speech recognition and generation, â€Å"intelligent agents,† adaptive interfaces, video, and many other technologies now being investigated by research groups at universities and corporate labs [35]. It is imperative that this research continue and be well-supported. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I must thank a large number of people who responded to posts of earlier versions of this article on the announcements. hi mailing list for their very generous help, and to Jim Hollan who helped edit the short excerpt of this article. Much of the information in this article was supplied by (in alphabetical order): Stacey Ashlund, Meera M. Blattner, Keith Butler, Stuart K. Card, Bill Curtis, David E. Damouth, Dan Diaper, Dick Duda, Tim T. K. Dudley, Steven Feiner, Harry Forsdick, Bjorn Freeman-Benson, John Gould, Wayne Gray, Mark Green, Fred Hansen, Bill Hefley, D. Austin Henderson, Jim Hollan, Jean-Marie Hullot, Rob Jacob, Bonnie John, Sandy Kobayashi, T. K. Landauer, John Leggett, Roger Lighty, Marilyn Mantei, Jim Miller, William Newman, Jakob Nielsen, Don Norman, Dan Olsen, Ramesh Patil, Gary Perlman, Dick Pew, Ken Pier, Jim Rhyne, Ben Shneiderman, John Sibert, David C. Smith, Elliot Soloway, Richard Stallman, Ivan Sutherland, Dan Swinehart, John Thomas, Alex Waibel, Marceli Wein, Mark Weiser, Alan Wexelblat, and Terry Winograd. Editorial comments were also provided by the above as well as Ellen Borison, Rich McDaniel, Rob Miller, Bernita Myers, Yoshihiro Tsujino, and the reviewers. References 1. 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Recruitment and Selection free essay sample

Recruitment and Selection In the competitive business environment nowadays, companies need to present themselves as serious players with edges in various aspects, one most important of which is quality of their workforce. The quality of an organization’s workforce ,to some degree, determines how far it can go and this kind of quality depends mostly on an essential element in an organization’s operation, which is human resource management (Martin, J. 2008). Human resource management refers to the management of a company’s working staff, or human resource, including the practices of job analysis,human resource planning,recruitment,selection,human resource development, etc. (Kleynhans, R. 2006). Among all these practices, what is fundamental are recruitment and selection. The process of recruitment and selection is to match prospective applicants with certain given jobs to make sure that their capabilities and potentials can be rightly matched with the requirements and rewards inherent in the jobs given(Bach, S. This is a cost-effective option for employers, particularly if their business changes rapidly and they may not need to keep staff permanently. On the other hand you still have to pay the agent and the new employee, adding to the costs. When a business decides to recruit a member of staff they need to consider where they want to advertise, such as locally or national. This will all depend on the scale of the business and location. If the BBC was recruiting for a presenter then they may recruit nationally. There are also lots of different methods of recruitment such as, letters, on-line or over the telephone. * Sending a letter is the traditional method of application. A letter is requested to be sent in with either an application form or your CV. * On-line recruitment is becoming more and more popular way to recruit. There is two ways online to recruit, one is via email. Using email is very much like sending a letter it’s just a quicker approach. The other is by completing online applications and once the application has been completed they will get sent straight to the employer and stored on an online data basis. * Employers are also increasingly using the telephone to help with applications. This means that applicants telephone a recruitment number and are often screened by answering a series of questions, if they are good they continue with the process. Tesco As you can see in this diagram Tesco’s uses a very simple process recruiting and selecting new employees. Firstly they will advertise the vacancy on their website and on through other media. They collect applicants CV’s and if it fits in with what Tesco’s are looking for then they will invite them in for an interview. If they are unsuccessful with this process then they will sent them a letter informing that they were unsuccessful. If they performed well in their interview they will invite the candidate to attend an assessment centre. In this process Applicants are given various exercises, including team-working activities or problem solving exercises. These involve examples of problems they might have to deal with at work. If succeed in this process they will attend a second interview, and if they are successful they will be send an offer letter and contract. Tesco makes it easy for applicants to find out about available jobs and has a simple application process. By accessing the Tesco website, an applicant can find out about local jobs, management posts and head office positions. The website has an online application form for people to submit directly. People interested in store-based jobs with Tesco can approach stores with their CV or register though Jobcentre Plus. The store prepares a waiting list of people applying in this way and calls them in as jobs become available. The strengths and weakness of Tesco’s online recruitment Strength| Weaknesses| * Easy to find * Saves uncompleted applications * Simple to follow * Answer job role questions * You can add you CV| * You have to login in * Can’t see your full potential * Long process * You answer a question wrong you become and unsuccessful candidate| Kendal College Advertise job Take in applicationsSuccessful candidates will be invited for an interview If successful an offer will be given with a contract. This is a simple process of Kendal College’s recruitment and selection process. Once the job has been advertised a deadline for applications will be stated. After the deadline arrives they will begin to shortlist the applications to find successful candidates. When they are chosen they will be invited to an interview where the applicant will need to bring proof of identity and original certificates of qualifications in line with safeguarding requirements. If a successful candidate is chosen they will be telephone within 24hours after their interview, when certain checks have to been completed an appointment will be confirmed and a contract will be issued. I candidate and apply through ringing Kendal College after seeing the advertisement online or in a Newspaper. They will then be asked to fill in an application which will then be sent or handed in to a specific place, most likely the college. If candidate is successful they will be contacted for an interview. The strengths and weakness of Kendal College’s online recruitment Strength| Weaknesses| * Easy to find * States the jobs available * Gives a number to contact * Offers a job information pack * Job application can be printed off| * No process to fill application * A little confusing|